Papua New Guinea Before Contact History Essay

Papua New Guinea Before Contact History Essay Papua New Guinea is one of the most culturally varied countries on Earth, with over 850 indigenous languages and at least as many traditional societies, out of a population of just under 7 million. This diversity results in no traditional name for the indigenous peoples. The country is one of the worlds least explored, culturally and biologically, and many undiscovered species of plants and animals are believed to dwell in the interior of Papua New Guinea. Humans have first estimated to have lived in New Guinea as far back as 50,000 years ago. New Guinea was one of the first landmasses after Africa and Eurasia to be populated by modern humans, with the first migration at approximately the same time as that of Indigenous Australia. Early communities had little contact with each other because of rough and mountainous terrain and so maintained their independence, as well as their distinct languages and customs, leading to such diverse cultural life. First arrivals were hunters and gatherers, early evidence shows that people managed to utilise the forest environment to provide food. http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_fhVpDW9sV30/SuK3ppLwkm I/AAAAAAAALo4/NcyzlB00U8Q/s400/irving_penn_11.jpg C:UsersUserDownloadswen_04_img0693.jpg Timeline: Pre-colonisation of New Guinea 50,000 years ago (Pleistocene Epoch) Humans first arrive from Southeast Asia, by sea, although during this time sea level was lower and a land bridge connected Australia and New Guinea. 6000-7000 years ago Austronesians (known today as Malays, Indonesians, Filipinos and Polynesians) sail from southern China and settle along the coast of New Guinea and on surrounding islands. These people live in villages, plant food crops such as yams, make clay pots and raise pigs and chickens. 1526 First recorded European sighting of New Guinea is made by two Portuguese explorers who are sailing by the island but do not land. Jorge de Meneses, first Portuguese governor of the Moluccas, names the island Ilhas dos Papuas from the Malay phrase Orang papuwah which means frizzy haired man. 1545 Ynigo Ortiz de Reyes, Spanish captain sailing from Mexico, claims New Guinea for the King of Spain. It is debated whether he chose the name Nueva Guinea for the resemblance of the people or coastline of Guinea in Africa http://www.deathreference.com /images/medd_01_img0019.jpg During Contact Papua New Guinea had two non-indigenous countries colonise it, Germany and Britain. The Germans wanted to colonise Papua New Guinea because of Europes growing desire for coconut oil whereas Britain claimed it mainly for land and exploration purposes. Britain first arrived in the south-eastern province of New Guinea in 1883 after a formal decision to annex the island by Sir Thomas McIlwraith, the Premier of Queensland at the time. It took until 1884 before financial support was delivered and the colony officially became a British protectorate known as the Territory of Papua in 1905. In 1906 Britain transferred total responsibility for the territory to Australia. The Germans arrived in the north-eastern islands of New Guinea around the same time as the British. This annexed area was known as German New Guinea. As the terrain was so mountainous and separated contact between the two countries was somewhat uncommon and usually peaceful. During  World War 1, Australian forces seized German New Guinea, which in 1920 became the  Territory of New Guinea. Both territories were merged into the Territory of Papua and New Guinea in 1949. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/New_Guinea_%281884-1919%29.png/250px-New_Guinea_%281884-1919%29.png New Guinea from 1884-1919.  The Netherlands controlled the western half of New Guinea, Germany  the north-eastern part, and  Britain  the south-eastern part. Nature of arrival Both the Germans and the British met the natives in a rather peaceful manner. The colonisation occurred after Australias and the British approached the new country more carefully and in a friendlier way to avoid an uprising from the natives of New Guinea akin to that of the Australian Aborigines The natives were taught basic skills that helped both themselves and the British, such as farming, domestication of animals such as fowl and language skills that helped them communicate with the British. The British also helped establish a bartering and economic system for the formally nomadic people. They made stalls and shops where the locals could trade and sell grown goods and items that they were quickly accustomed to, such as soap and blankets. A group of people gather in front of a store in Mount Hagen. A group of people gather in front of a store in Mount Hagen. Response of the natives When both countries arrived, they met the natives with somewhat peaceful intentions. With over a thousand language groups all spread out along the country, most tribes were around 100 large and were thinly spaced along the land meaning that resistance was not as great as in Australia. Shortly after colonisation, the natives were combined into large towns and were given education, health care and food which wouldve been a weird experience as before colonisation there were no towns or large populations, only small, dispersed settlements. Nearly all of the natives took to these changes rapidly and easily, with the only exception of religious beliefs. Some New Guineans resisted the changes Christian missionaries represented, while others accepted opportunities for new forms of wealth, power, and age and gender relations. With next to no recounts of major violent resistance, the colonisation of Papua New Guinea was one of the more peaceful and successful ones. Comparison to Australia The colonisation of New Guinea was very different to that of Australia and one of the major reasons why was because it occurred after Australia had been colonised, meaning that the British didnt want a repeat of the violence and death that had happened there. Slavery was still present in Papua New Guinea, however slaves and servants had a lot more freedom and rights then the Aboriginals did and most were considered just workers as opposed to servants. Due to the amount of space between native settlements there are still plenty of settlements that were never colonised or approached, even today there are still native groups that have never been met by non-indigenous populations. There was also a lot less prejudice about the locals of New Guinea than there was with Aboriginals, as the locals of New Guinea were given more rights and space than Aboriginals. New Guineans culture and beliefs wrapped around the colonisation and those who kept their traditional ways werent forced to change or conform. Results of colonisation for both the indigenous and non-indigenous people The results of colonisation for both the indigenous and non-indigenous people were mainly positive with both the German and British protectorates treating the locals fairly. The locals quality of life improved dramatically when they were colonised as healthcare and education were quickly introduced to the newfound villages and towns. Before colonization, an individuals identity was based on their kin group and rarely extended beyond the kin groups of close relatives. After colonization, Papua New Guineans experienced political, social, and economic integration that helped them adapt to their new style of living. The British and Germans both used the locals for things like building houses and labour but most of the structures that were built also benefited the natives as well, such as houses and huts that they lived in and shops that helped give the indigenous people a sense of economics and easy to access goods. With colonization, dispersed settlements were combined into larger villages for easier administration and the provision of education and health care. The first towns grew up around mission and administrative centres, near airstrips, or on hillsides overlooking good harbours. Towns were small, and homes and non-residential structures were simple one-story buildings. The first Papua New Guineans to live in towns were men. Many workers were chosen from nearby villages to which they were expected to return at night, but some lived in servants quarters ( boi haus ) or company barracks. The New Guineans nearly always lived separate from the European settlements and rarely interfered with each other. This was a positive step in the Europeans minds as it allowed the locals to integrate and get used to their new way of living without obstruction from the British. The New Guineans were treated more as individuals rather than natives. This freedom was something that helped the locals and gave them leeway to live their lives how they were before colonisation. In 1975 the people of New Guinea were granted independence and are now officially a self-governing nation. Comparison of colonisation Overall the indigenous people of New Guinea had a much better result of colonisation than that of Aboriginal people. Quality of life was better during and after the British and Germans arrived, because of the independence that the Europeans gave them along with basic goods and tools that they quickly learned to use. There is also less of a cultural barrier as a whole between towns and villages, the Europeans let them live their lives whereas in colonial Australia, Aboriginals were treated as inferior and were often enslaved. During colonisation and even in some parts of Australia today, Aboriginals have a lower standard of living along with less education and higher mortality rates. In Papua New Guinea there were and are still problems affecting young children, but as a whole, the population have a higher standard of living than Aboriginal Australians.

Out of the Ashes: Schizophrenia

Nowadays, society sees schizophrenia seems like an outdated topic. A topic not many seem to care about. A topic that is not even taboo, because many do not even know about it. However, this topic is affecting so many on a day to day basis. Worldwide, about one percent of people are diagnosed with this mental illness. That is 1.5 million people. Even worse, sixty percent of everyone that suffers from schizophrenia makes at least one attempt to commit suicide (WebMD).That is 900,000 people. That is three cruise ships filled with people (Mental Health Schizophrenia). That is one full football stadium. Some may ask themselves, what is schizophrenia? Well according to the National Institute of Mental Illnesses â€Å"schizophrenia is a chronic and severe mental disorder that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves.† (NIMH). Schizophrenia is caused by genetics, biology and sometimes even viral infections. Schizophrenia has been misunderstood throughout the years; It is characterized by a shift in perception, disturbed sense of self and psychotic manifestations.A shift in perception can not only affect the patient's emotions, but it can also greatly impact their physical life. Schizophrenics suffer from various shifts in perceptions that makes them change the way they act, not only physically but also mentally. When you suffer from schizophrenia you develop many symptoms. Meanwhile, many were not discovered until the mid-1990s. However, Schizophrenia was discovered back in 1887 by Doctor Emile Kraepelin. Before Kraepelin however, many believed people with psychotic disorders were possessed. This caused the treatment to be electric shock therapy, exorcisms, lobotomy and even drilling a hole in the patient's eye socket which left patients with worse mental health than what they started with. This type of treatment started to be popularized with schizophrenia patients in the middle ages until the late 1880s. Schizophrenia and its treatments are one of the main reasons why society now know mental asylums as dark and scary places. When The Priory of Saint Mary of Bethlehem was founded to try to treat ‘mad men'. They believed this illness came from supernatural forces such as demons. By the patients seeing hallucinations and delusions was basically proof of a demonic possession. They were treated so badly, most of the ‘mad men' that attended the mental asylum ended up dying, either by experiments, failed treatments or suicide. Today Kraepelin was the first to differentiate between what he called dementia praecox and manic depression. According to Psychology Today â€Å"The oldest available description of an illness closely resembling schizophrenia can be found in the Ebers papyrus, which dates back to the Egypt of 1550 BC. And archaeological discoveries of Stone Age skulls with burr holes drilled into them (presumably to release ‘evil spirits') have led to speculation that schizophrenia is as old as mankind itself† (Burton, M.D.). The first doctor to coin the term Schizophrenia and notice the patients shift in perception was Swiss psychiatrist, Eugen Bleuler back in 1911. Schizophrenia comes from Greek roots schizo (split) and phrene (mind) as a reference to showing how the patient's brain works. Schizophrenia brings you to a point where the patient has a disturbed sense of self. This has happened to not only to unknown patients but many well-known people and celebrities have suffered through forgetting who they are and why they are here. This list includes many people, for example, the ex-singer and founder of Pink Floyd. Syd Barrett's real name was Roger Barrett, and he used his real name for much of his life, which started in 1946 and ended in 2006 by pancreatic cancer. He was an English songwriter, singer and guitarist best known as a founding member and songwriter of the rock band Pink Floyd. Barrett's partnership with the band finished after failure to perform during concerts various times. These were speculated to be caused by delusions and hallucinations, two very common schizophrenia symptoms. He had been the main songwriter which greatly affected how the band worked after his resignation. Barrett withdrew from the public after that, but released two solo albums in 1970 called â€Å"The Madcap Laughs† and â€Å"Barrett† Pink Floyd went on to become massively popular and successful, their style evolving towards progressive rock since their songwriter left. Syd/Roger Barrett lived a simple and solitary life, receiving royalty payments from his ex-band. His access to spending money had been controlled by his family (Willis 143). There has been much speculation about why Barrett ceased to be a member of Pink Floyd, withdrew from the public eye, shunned his own fans, left behind the nickname that he had never himself used or liked. Syd/Roger was diagnosed with the mental illness after an apparent heavy usage of LSD. According to his family and close friends, he did LSD nearly every day for years. After his resignation of Pink Floyd, he did not just start having atrocious hallucinations daily but also he fell into clinical depression. This leads to another story of a maybe one of the most famous artists of all time. Vincent Van Gogh. He had an eccentric personality and unstable moods suffered from recurrent psychotic episodes during the last two years of his extraordinary life and committed suicide at the age of thirty-seven by a gunshot. (Blumer) According to PsychiatryOnline.org â€Å"One of Van Gogh's psychiatrists recognized the crucial role of alcohol in the manifestation of Van Gogh's major psychiatric symptoms. By his own confession, Van Gogh required â€Å"a glass too much† to numb his inner storms when they became too intense. The artist was not known to become intoxicated and may not have been drinking more than many of his contemporaries, but he was particularly vulnerable to the epileptogenic properties of absinthe, the favourite drink of the French artists of his time† (Blumer). The well-known part of Schizophrenia is the symptom of psychotic manifestations. According to Healthline.com â€Å"Psychosis is characterized by an impaired relationship with reality. And it is a symptom of serious mental disorders. People who are psychotic may have either hallucinations or delusions† (Carey, P.H.D.). Hallucinations are sensory manifestations, they occur mostly visually or auditory. For example, someone might hear someone yelling when nobody is there. Or maybe they see someone or something that isn't actually there. These for the patient seem real. They also experience delusions, which is for the person to have a contrary thought to actual evidence. For example, the patient thinking a stranger they just met wants to kill them. These symptoms are powerful and dangerous. Strangely, these symptoms are the most attacked by society. Many believe these delusions and hallucinations are made up and make up false beliefs about this. Some false ideas are: Schizophrenics have multiple personalities, them being possessed, the patients are faking it and even that it's not an illness. The first one is made up because as clearly stated before, the symptoms of schizophrenia have nothing to do with that. The illness in which the patient have multiple personalities is a psychiatric phenomenon called DID, which stands for dissociative identity disorder, which involves the patient has multiple personalities which each have their own voice, manners and characteristics. This illness can be seen perfectly in the movie Split (2016) by M. Night Shyamalan. This is not schizophrenia. Schizophrenics might hear voices but they only have one personality. The second hoax is the possession myth. This myth is mostly believed by Catholics. This myth comes back from middle ages as mentioned before.In conclusion, many schizophrenics are seen ever since the beginning of mental illnesses, many are affected by it and almost all society says about it is fake. All in all, if you or someone you know is suffering from schizophrenia, please get help immediately and know that no matter your illness â€Å"I can do all things through Christ who strengthens me.† (Philippians 4:13). Help is always there and never forget Jesus loves you. Schizophrenia has been underestimated to a point where society only knows it's characterized by a change in view, confused sense of self and psychotic ideals. Works Citedâ€Å"A Brief History of Schizophrenia.† Psychology Today, Sussex Publishers, www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/hide-and-seek/201209/brief-history-schizophrenia.â€Å"Biological Basis of Schizophrenia.† Khan Academy, www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/psychological-disorders/v/biological-basis-of-schizophrenia.â€Å"Divine Madness – a History of Schizophrenia.† History Cooperative, 19 Sept. 2016, historycooperative.org/divine-madness-a-history-of-schizophrenia/.â€Å"Famous People with Schizophrenia: 6 Schizophrenic Celebrities.† WebMD, WebMD, www.webmd.com/schizophrenia/ss/slideshow-schizophrenia-famous-names.Marlene, Lili. â€Å"Incorrect Pleasures.† The Interesting Case of Syd Barrett, 1 Jan. 1970, incorrectpleasures.blogspot.com.co/2009/11/interesting-case-of-syd-barrett-for.html.â€Å"Psychosis: Symptoms, Causes, and Risk Factors.† Healthline, Healthline Media, www.healthline.com/health/psychosis.Schiller, Lori, and Amanda Bennett. The Quiet Room: a Journey out of the Torment of Madness. Grand Central Publishing, 2011.†Schizophrenia.† Khan Academy, www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior/psychological-disorders/v/schizophrenia.â€Å"Schizophrenia.† Mental Health America, 29 Mar. 2017, http://www.mentalhealthamerica.net/conditions/schizophrenia#symptoms.â€Å"Schizophrenia.† Mental Health America, 29 Mar. 2017, www.mentalhealthamerica.net/conditions/schizophrenia.â€Å"Schizophrenia.† National Institute of Mental Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia/.â€Å"Schizophrenia.† Psychology Today, Sussex Publishers, www.psychologytoday.com/us/conditions/schizophrenia.â€Å"Schizophrenia and Suicide.† WebMD, WebMD, www.webmd.com/schizophrenia/schizophrenia-and-suicide.â€Å"Schizophrenia Symptoms, Patterns And Statistics And Patterns.† Mental Help Schizophrenia Symptoms Patterns and Statistics and Patterns Comments, https://www.mentalhelp.net/articles/schizophrenia-symptoms-patterns-and-statistics-and-patterns/â€Å"The Illness of Vincent Van Gogh.† American Journal of Psychiatry, ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/appi.ajp.159.4.519.The History of Schizophrenia, schizophrenia.com/history.htm#.Willis, Tim. Madcap: the Half-Life of Syd Barrett, Pink Floyd's Lost Genius. Short Books, 2002.

Two Drovers and William Wilson

â€Å"William Willson† and â€Å"The Two Drovers† suggest a link between identity and aggression. What threatens a characters sense of self in these stories? Why do certain characters react to perceived threats to their identities as they do? â€Å"The Two Drovers† by Sir Walter Scott focuses on an Englishman and a Scotsman in a tale revolving around nationality. The author characterizes them both as proud individuals, while also noting their individual talents and temperaments, but the most prominent trait in both main characters is pride for their own countries. Hence both are presented as national stereotypes, and it is from this that the author is able to build upon and highlight the growing misunderstanding which is the true essence of the story. It is however, their pecuniary and vocational interests that allow them to find the common ground on which they base a mutual respect for each other. For example, when English and Scottish cattlemen are droving livestock together â€Å"†¦ hey co-operate on the journey with one man as guide and interpreter in the Highlands, and the other in England, Robin Oig and Harry Wakefield form a partnership of mutual advantage. † , when this partnership falls prey to what could almost be described as a comedy of errors, they are then forced to revert to their respective social values and customs to fatally resolve what is essentially a commonplace misunderstanding. These differences, propelled by the force of pride, culminate in a true tragedy. Harry Wakefield, with his short fuse and strong fist and Robin Oig, with his Scottish pride and secret ambitions both possess too much pride to back down from a heated situation, and ultimately die as a result of a simple misunderstanding. On the other hand in Edgar Allan Poe’s â€Å"William Wilson† shows that every person experiences conflict between their will and their conscience. Reasonable people recognize that both of these are components of their mind, but William Wilson does not, Poe effectively uses the Gothic doppelganger technique to show the violent conflicts within Wilson's soul. Poe shows that the will and conscience are two distinct, but inseparable, parts of the complex human mind. Wilson never understands that the will and conscience are both within him, but Poe communicates this to the reader clearly. Conscience and will together make a whole person, while the lack of one can create a disturbed individual like William Wilson. William Wilson is a much more complex figure than he himself realizes. In the final battle scene he writes he â€Å"felt within his single arm the energy and power of a multitude†. He feels this because within him are his will, his conscience, and every other part of his soul. Wilson doesn't understand the bonds tying him to the other Wilson, still he writes: â€Å"Wilson and myself were the most inseparable of companions. † Wilson doesn't realize the irony in this statement is that regardless of how hard he tries not to be, Wilson will always be his companion.

Project Management and its Effectivness Free Essay Example, 1500 words

Once the project scope and charter have been finalized, it was important to determine team and create work break down structure and entire activity list of the project to make a network diagram. Then the estimates of resources, time and cost should have been determined and critical path evaluated (Mulcahy 2009). This information should have been used to determine the project schedule and budget. It was critical that same is agreed upon both by the customer and the vendor organizations (Taylor 2008)). Roles and responsibilities of the team and the communication requirements of the stakeholders needed clear identification. Risk identification, qualitative and quantitative risk analysis and response planning processes must be conducted during the planning stage of the project (Barkley 2004). If any of the middle management were to be changed during the project execution, it is critical figured out at this stage and its impact on the project should have been calculated. Although a mutua lly agreed upon project scope should have guarded against the scope creep. Also, procurements if any were to be made, this also required identification and planning. During the project, it was vital to develop an effective team (Dyer 1995). We will write a custom essay sample on Project Management and its Effectivness or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now For this team building and morale boosting tools and techniques seemed missing in the project. The team building efforts help to keep a team focused on project objective and putting their utmost efforts towards successful project completion. Recognition and reward system would have augmented this effort. A better communication plan and an effective team would not have allowed wasting two weeks at the critical project end stage because everyone would have been on the same frequency knowing his role. Mulcahy (2009) is of the view that another important function is to determine the variations in the project time and cost and identify the root cause and solutions to meet the deficiency. These solutions should have been implemented through an integrated control system, a proper approval system associated with authority level. Identifying the project milestones and meeting these during the project could help in determining the variations in project factor s affecting timely completion of the project.

Essay about The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini - 993 Words

From generation to generation, the constant struggle for males to live up to the expectations of their fathers often affects the choices made and actions taken by the sons. Perhaps, the overbearing testosterone levels claim responsibility for the apparent need for sons to impress their fathers, but not all boys consider the realistic consequences of their decisions. In Khaled Hosseinis novel The Kite Runner, young Amirs admiration for his father Baba, coupled with the constant tension in their relationship obscures his mind from making clear decisions as he strives to obtain his fathers love and approval. Amir and his father share a very strained relationship. The saying, â€Å"The apple doesn’t fall far from the tree,† inaccurately relates†¦show more content†¦Amir, representing the Pashtuns and high-society Afghanis, allows himself to degrade Hassan, the face of the mere Hazaras of the lowest class rank. Through the eyes of Amir, it seems as though Baba preoccupies himself passing time with his comrade Rahim Khan; when he sporadically attempts to involve Amir in his life, Baba always suggests that Hassan accompany them in their daily adventures leaving Amir questioning why his father tries desperately to avoid alone time and bonding moments with his son. The initial occurrences in which Amir witnesses Babas immediate affection for Hassan drive Amirs negative mental attitude and envy towards his only companion Hassan. Hosseini utilizes outside environmental factors to contribute to the preeminating assumption of Amirs character. The actions taken in response to external stimuli convey the true nature of not only the protagonist Amir but his genuine friend and unknown half-brother Hassan. The two juvenile Afghani boys face many challenges growing up in Kabul; bullies taunt and threaten them routinely. Assef, the leader among the tormentors, inadvertently plays a key role in determining the measures taken by Amir in order to gain the acceptance of his father. Under repetitive harassment and criticism, Amir rarely fights against his subjugation. Baba discerns his son’s predominant flaw: cowardice. In his mentality, Baba believes that â€Å"a boy who won’t stand up for himself becomes a man whoShow MoreRelatedThe Kite Runner, by Khaled Hosseini883 Words   |  4 Pagesregret from past encounters and usually feel guilty and bitter about the situation. The Kite Runner, by Khaled Hosseini , revolves around the theme of redemption. Redemption can be used as a cure for guilt. Throughout the novel, the author shows that redemption requires some sort of sacrifice and the only way that is possible is if you can forgive yourself from the mistakes you have made in the past. Khaled Hosseini effectively portrays redemption through motifs such as rape, irony and flashbacks, symbolismRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini1651 Words   |  7 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚   The novel â€Å"The Kite Runner† by Khaled Hosseini describes the life of a boy, Amir. Amir’s best friend and brother (although that part isn’t known until towards the end), Hassan, plays a major role in Amir’s life and how he grows up. Hosseini portrays many sacrifices that are made by Hassan and Amir. Additionally, Amir seeks redemption throughout much of the novel. By using first person point of view, readers are able to connect with Amir and understand his pain and yearning for a way to be redeemedRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini1655 Words   |  7 PagesSarah Singer Major Works Data Form Title: The Kite Runner Author: Khaled Hosseini Date of Publication: 2003 Genre: Historical Fiction Historical information about the period of publication: Since the September 11th attacks in 2001, the United States has been at war with Afghanistan. Their goals were to remove the Taliban, track down those in charge of the attacks, and destroy Al-Qaeda. Biographical information about the author: Khaled Hosseini was born in Kabul, Afghanistan, in 1965. HIs motherRead MoreThe Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini1098 Words   |  5 PagesIn The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini, we learn a lot about Amir the main character, and Hassan his servant/brother. In the beginning Hassan and Amir’s relationship was one of brotherly love despite the fact that Hassan was a Hazara and Amir a Pashtun. Back in the 1970’s race and religion played a big part in Kabul and these two races were not suppose to have relationships unless it was owner (Pashtun) and servant (Hazara). Baba Amir’s father had an affair with Hassan’s mother, but it was kept aRead MoreThe Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini1313 Words   |  5 Pagesis not unique to just J.K. Rowling. Khaled Hosseini also incorporates life experiences into some of his novels. A prime example of this is The Kite Runner. The storyline of this novel reflects his past to create a journey of a young Afghanistan boy, whose name is Amir. This boy changes drastically throughout his lifetime from a close minded, considerably arrogant boy to an open hearted and minded man. This emotional and mental trip is partially based on Khaled Hosseini’s own life. Throughout Hosseini’sRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini1908 Words   |  8 Pages​In the novel, â€Å"The Kite Runner†, written by Khaled Hosseini, was taken place in Afghanistan during the 1970’s to the year of 2002. Many historical events happened during this time period and Hosseini portrayed it into his novel. Kabul, the capitol of Afghanistan, was a free, living area for many Afghanistan families to enjoy the life they were given. Until one day, Afghanistan was then taken over and attacked. In the novel, Amir, the protagonist, must redeem himself and the history behind his actionsRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini1050 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"There is a way to be good again.† (Hosseini 334). This quote given by Rahim Khan to Amir holds a great amount of force and symbolism. In theory, this quote symbolizes the beginning of Amir’s path to redemption. The eye-opening Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini tells about the struggles of Afghanistan before and during the Taliban, and one’s struggle for redemption and acceptance. With regards to the opening quote, some see Amir’s actions as selfish. However, others may believe that Amir truly changedRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini1583 Words   |  7 Pagesnovel the Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini, Amir, the main character, shares his thoughts and actions due to his poor decisions. The problems he encountered were all because of the sin committed in his youth. His sins taunted the beginning of his life and gave him a troublesome memory full of guilt. As the novel continued, Amir attempted to disengage the memory of his sin and forget about it. Amir then faced the long bumpy road to redemption. Khaled Hosseini’s novel the Kite Runner is about sinRead MoreThe Kite Runner, by Khaled Hosseini871 Words   |  4 Pagesthat person is trying to fix that mistake. This also applies to the novel The Kite Runner. The story revolves around the main character Amir, and his childhood friend, Hassan. After Amir came to America with Baba, his father, he still regrets the things he had done to his childhood friend. He left Hassan getting raped by Assef in a small alley in 1975. Thereafter, Amir always feel regret and seeks for redemption. Hosseini -the author, argues that redemption can be achieved by helping others, teachRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini3402 Words   |  14 Pagestitle â€Å"The Kite Runner† is symbolic as fighting kites and the kite runnings are impacting moments in the novel. Hassan was the best kite runner in Kabul, if not the whole country, after Amir won the kite fighting the running of that last blue kite triggered the monumental changes for Amir. For the beginning of the story the kite running was associated with Hassan’s rape and Amir’s grief. As kites appear throughout the story, they begin Amir’s story and also end it. Amir flying the kite with Sohrab

Before We Consider The Value Chain Model It Would Be Useful

Before we consider the value chain model it would be useful to know that a value chain is none other than a supply chain. On the most basic level, value chains are a series of focused activities that advance a product or service toward an objective. It can be the actions of a single contributor in a workflow, but more typically, it refers to the orchestration of activities where many interrelated contributors provide inputs on a work in process (WIP) at specific times and locations. Likewise, activities can be quite precise and relatively limited, such as a sub-process, or the value chain can be an all-encompassing collective of every activity that a complex system may perform. Author and Harvard Business School Professor, utilized the†¦show more content†¦Maintaining a customer-centric perspective should be maintained at any level – strategical or process level. And â€Å"customers, internal or external, are satisfied when their expectations†¦have been met or exceeded† (Krajewski, Malhotra, Ritzman, 2016). Keeping the customer’s perspective is like having grease to keep the value chain running smoothly. Without it, a firm may save money in the short run, but will eventually pay some way or another in the long run. With the complexity of today’s healthcare systems, any changes made to business processes, revenue streams, legal and compliance laws, clinical therapies, outbreaks, natural disasters, or simply an improvement in technology, can disrupt the value stream. With the exception of, perhaps, clinical therapies and outbreaks, a healthcare system needs to be able to adapt to similar changes just as any other enterprise may. Thus, standardized business practices, methodological approaches, and disciplined decision making are at the core of managing a healthcare value chain. The delivery of the products and services of a healthcare entity may perhaps be of a much greater concern to its customers than another firm’s products and services; however, the perception of value will always be based on quantifiable terms of quality and utility regardless of the industry, with the exception being emotional or psychological impressions.Show MoreRelatedWhy Employees Should Spend Significa nt Resources Investing At Every Group Of Employees Essay1604 Words   |  7 Pages On the first day of class, I learned something critical. It is not always the case that employers should spend significant resources investing in every group of employees. Before this class, my assumption is that this is always the case. However, after spending time pondering this question, I saw that my initial response was grounded in emotion, not facts. There may be cases where companies may have cost-cutting strategies where employees have a lower impact on the company’s mission. 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Organizational Structure of Microsoft Australia †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Organizational Structure of Microsoft Australia. Answer: Organizational structure Microsoft Australia is the Microsoft corporation subsidiary situated in Australia. The company was founded in the year 1985. This company is leading company in software, devices, service, and solutions. Company headquarter is situated in Sydney, Australia. Currently, the company consists of 7 regional offices across the country. A company formed good bonding and relationship with the Australian partners by providing them innovative ways of doing business. Microsoft is supporting Australian community from past 30 years. Every year in Australia, the company donates more than $50m of services and software to the NPO (Microsoft, 2017). This helps the NPO to work effectively and efficiently. Microsoft is the leading company and as per the revenue of the company, Microsoft is the world's largest software maker. Organizational structure refers to the process that includes the implicit and explicit institutional policies and rules. In other words, organizational structure defines a hierarchy followed by the organization for achieving goals and objectives (Investopedia, 2017). There is 3 common organization structure followed by the companies. Functional structure This structure consists of the different departments based on the specialization such as marketing, accounting, finance, IT, etc. Basically, the working of the company is divided into the separate units (Hill, Jones, Schilling, 2014). The functional structure is followed by the Starbucks Australia and Costco Wholesale's organization. Strength The efficiency and productivity of the employees will enhance in this structure. The employees will get future opportunities in the same field. Employees will get specialization in the particular field. The department in the structure is formed on the basis of specialized knowledge. Weakness Lack of teamwork is a major weakness of this structure. If employees work in their units separately, then they are not going to talk to other members of the team. It is difficult for the topmanagement to manage several units altogether. Hence, this might force the topmanagement to delegate the authority and responsibility to the other person. Divisional structure This structure consists of numerous parallel teams who generally focus on the solitary product line or service line. Each one team has one separate top executive who takes care of their team (Zaki, Hussien, Sanad, Sara, 2015). This structure is used by the large budgeted businesses. The companies who follow this kind of structures include General Motors or Microsoft or Bank of America's retail. The given diagram shows the divisional structure of the Microsoft Company. This shows that there are 2 parallel teams; one is engineering group and another is business functions. Strength Divisional structure enhances the focus on the single product and service. The team is having its own top executive so decision making can be done easily. There will be a common culture and esprit de corps, which enhances the moral and knowledge of the employees. Weakness The divisional structure has weakness such as; it brings compartmentalization that may lead to incompatibilities. There might be the occurrence of the office politics which not ethical from the business point of view. Matrix structure This structure is one of the complex structures followed by the companies. In this structure, both managers and employees from different departments or units work together for accomplishing goals and objectives of the company (Rothaermel, 2015). Basically, this structure is the combination of both functional and divisional structure. The matrix structure is followed by the Qualcomm Company. Strength Separate departments work together this lead to the sharing of the effective information. There is no communication gap between the departments. This structure enhances the motivation; in the matrix structure democratic leadership style is implemented in which managers take step after taking inputs from the employees, this motivates the employees. Weakness It is a very complex process this may lead to the confusion of work for the employees, because employees may get an order from different superiors at the same time. This may lead to demotivation of employees. The overhead cost of the companies increases due to doublemanagement in the organization. Organization culture plays an essential role in each and every company. Organizational culture refers to as a corporate culture includes traditions, values, and behavioral expectations among employees. Microsoft follows the organizational culture which helps the company to bring innovation and customer satisfaction. The main elements of the Microsoft cultures are Accountability, quality and innovation, diversity and inclusion, responsiveness to customers, and growth mindset (Lombardo, 2017). Values of Microsoft- Values followed by the company include innovation, diversity and inclusion, corporate social responsibility, environment, trustworthy computing, and philanthropies. These values of the Microsoft help the company to go head to the completion of the goals (Microsoft, 2017). Symbol- The symbol of Microsoft is consisting of 4 colors- red, green, blue and yellow. Red means business which shows the busy and hot life of the company. Yellow stands for signifying, simplicity, strength. Blue color stands for the cool and easy to use. The green color is used for showing the fun and GO symbol. Rituals- Company believes in forming team altogether. They want the employees of the company work as a team for achieving the single goals and objectives (Microsoft, 2017). Stories- Satya Nadella, CEO of the Microsoft Company said that they are learning from the past stories. These stories are helping the manager to take the right step for the company. These stories also help the company to form a correct shape of the organizational culture. Organization culture and organization structure are related terms, both organizational culture and structure are depended on each other in a company. Organization culture is related to the organization structure as if there is a change in the culture then it may impact the organization structure of the company. Though, culture gets affected with many external factors which forced the company to bring a change in the culture of the organization. Microsoft company culture says that they react quickly towards the technology change. The technology is used for the software and application industry. The structure may have an orientation towards the other departments. If organization structure and culture is not working according to then this may hamper the performance of the organization (Brighton School of Business and Management, 2017). Organization structure and culture plays an important role in the performance of the Microsoft. Employees are the assets of the organization, each and every organization have employees who are working on the different level in the organizational structure. Team leader guides the employees to perform the role, in each and every level there is a presence of the number of employees which are required. Employees role is organized in the companys organizational structure (Anitha, Begum, 2016). Organization structure of Microsoft shows that they have organized employees in such a way that they will not face any problem in their working. In this employees of the company need to report to the leader. In each team of the company, there are a number of departments under which a number of specialized employee's work according to their skills. Employees are structured in a way that company can use the skills and capabilities of the employees for achieving the goals and objectives. Under the organizational structure, the manager of the company needs to perform the function of the planning, organizing, leading and controlling (Heizer, 2016). Planning- The manager of the Microsoft company need to take the steps related to the goals and objectives of the company. The future estimation is done by the manager by building a pipeline for the upcoming leaders, creating a good working environment, and bringing innovation in the work. Organizing- The manager in the divisional structure need to manage or organize an effective way of communication. Communication is required for interacting and sharing the knowledge within the company. This will increase team work of the employees and create a nature of being supportive with other employees. Leading- The manager needs to lead the team in an effective way. The manager should have the leading capabilities and skills which help in leading a team. Microsoft managers know very well how to handle the employees and how to take the corrective steps for achieving the goal of the company. The manager can lead by solving the problems and issues in the project. Controlling- Apart from planning, organizing, and leading company also focuses on controlling. In the controlling activity, the manager needs to take steps to ensure the activities are performed in the correct way. The processes include monitoring, corrective work, and comparing the performance of the company with the other companies. Organizational structure enhances the growth of the company. Organizational structure is an internal blue print of the company. This structure helps the company in different ways which lead to the growth of the company (Borse, 2016). Clear direction- Organizational structure improves an efficiency of the team members by providing them clear direction related to the command. Clear directions will help the Microsoft employees for achieving the goals and targets; this leads to the growth of the company. Employee performance can be evaluated- an organizational structure of the Microsoft Company helps the company to evaluate and manage the performance of the employees. If there are lacking then the managers of that particular department can try to bring improvement in the employee's performance; which helps the company in growing in the market. Proper Communication- Effective and proper communication in the organizational structure will help the managers to take right decisions on right time. This will enhance the growth of the Microsoft. Three external factors that affect the working of the Microsoft Company include technological factors, legal factors, and economic factors. Though, organizational structure supports the uncertainty of external factors. The impact of technology on the Microsoft includes with the introduction of the advanced technology. Microsoft needs to adapt the technology to bring innovation in the products. Technology helps the company Microsoft in producing more innovative products which help the online transaction processing. If any of such changes occur, then the organization working get an effect and it affects the sales and performance of the company (Hall, Antonopoulos, 2016). Though, organization structure of the Microsoft is set in such a way that this will help the company in any kind of uncertainty in the technology factors. Legal challenges might be faced by the company anytime this may create an impact on the working of the company. These challenges might be related to the patent laws, energy consumption regulation or can be waste disposal regulations. If any such uncertainty occurs related to the legal factors than the organizational structure support by implementing slightly change or bring innovative ways in the working, by using the disposable programs, by improving the patent laws of the company (Ferguson, 2017). The economy of the country can also affect the working of the company. Hence, economic factors need to be considered by the company. In the developing countries, the sales revenue of the Microsoft products is high. The middle-class customer also likes to prefer the products of the Microsoft. Over here Microsoft can fetch more of the opportunities where the people can easily buy the products of the Microsoft. The organizational structure of the Microsoft includes Research and technological department (Machado-Alba, et.al., 2014). With the help of which company can research on the customer preference; so that company can try to introduce new products in the market. Organizational structure always supports any kind of uncertainty occurs due to external factors. Organizational structure includes both strength and weakness; similarly, Microsoft organizational structure also contains some advantages and disadvantage. The strength of the divisional organizational structure for the Microsoft Company is the department focus on the product development. The company can use the intelligent cloud computing division which helps the company for offering the cutting-edge cloud computing services. This corporate structure helps in the contribution of the competitiveness of the Microsoft products. One of the weaknesses of the Microsoft organization structure is that the structure is least considered for the regional market differences. Different regions have a different demand of the Microsofts computer software and hardware features, same like the smartphones. Business need structure to perform the strategies in the right manner and to earn a profit. Different companies part of different industries need employees having talent and skills. Similarly, Microsoft needs a team of the development staff who knows how to use IT. This structure helps in developing the relationship between the team so that creativity and productivity of the employees can be maximized which lead to the success of the company. A well-designed organization structure helps the company in completion of the task or projects. Each manager involved in the organizational structure has different projects for that they have to follow the set structure which helps them in achieving the goals and lead to the success of the organization. In the organization structure, each employee or member needs to be aware of their responsibility that they need to fulfill (Drucker, 2017). This helps the managers to give orders to the lower management and get the work done for achieving the success. Ultimately, organizational structure helps the company in getting the success. The structure is essential in each and every company, a majority of the big companies follow divisional structure. Similarly, Microsoft follows divisional structure. These companies know how to build the structure and which structure works best for them, this is the reason these companies are growing in the market. But there are organizations that get fail in the few years of the set up the reason being the structure of the company (Jackson, 2017). Recent settle companies need to analyses how to use the capabilities and skills of the employees. Employees play an important role in the organizational structure. There is also a need for the leader who can actually show the guidelines to the employees and lead the team for achieving the goals and target. Guidelines provided to the employees should be clear so that this may not create any such confusion. If any of such things are going to be missed by the organization, then there might be a chance of failure of the organization (Sinek, 2010). If the top management of the company is not effective in making the decision regarding the organizational structure; this may lead to the failure of the company. The procedure follows by the company may also affect the productivity and performance which may create a problem for the business. The above paper talks about the organizational structure followed by the Microsoft Company are appropriate. Divisional structure helps the company in smooth working and helps the company in achieving the success and growth of the company. Australia is having the internationally competitive in technologies which help the Microsoft Company in growing in the market. There is no need to bring change in the organizational structure of the Microsoft Company. The company is leading in the market and considering the economics of the Australia. The GDP of the Australia is $1.1 trillion, with the 2.5% growth in the GDP of Australia (Economic Freedom, 2017). Microsoft performing really well in Australia, now a company can try to communicate well in the structure which helps the company. The Economic climate of the Australia is appropriate for the large companies like Microsoft. The analysis of the above paper shows that the employees of the Microsoft are performing their jobs nicely as they are organized in the organizational structure. References Anitha, J., Begum, F. N. (2016). Role of organisational culture and employee commitment in employee retention. ASBM Journal of Management, 9(1), 17. Borse, F.A., (2016). 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Viewed on 3rd August 2017. https://panmore.com/microsoft-corporation-pestel-pestle-analysis-recommendations Hall, A., Antonopoulos, G. A. (2016). Introduction. In Fake Meds Online (pp. 1-17). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Heizer, J. (2016). Operations Management, 11/e. Pearson Education India. Hill, C. W., Jones, G. R., Schilling, M. A. (2014). Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/o/organizational-structure.asp Investopedia. (2017). Organizational structure. Viewed on 3rd August 2017. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/o/organizational-structure.asp Jackson, C., (2017). 7 Reasons Why Organization Structures Fail. Viewed on 3rd August 2017. https://www.scottmadden.com/insight/7-reasons-why-organization-structures-fail/ Lombardo, J., (2017). Microsoft Corporations Organizational Culture Its Characteristics (An Analysis). Viewed on 3rd August 2017. https://panmore.com/microsoft-corporation-organizational-culture-characteristics-analysis Machado-Alba, J. E., Echeverri-Catao, L. F., Londoo-Builes, M. J., Moreno-Gutirrez, P. A., Ochoa-Orozco, S. A., Ruiz-Villa, J. O. (2014). Social, cultural and economic factors associated with self-medication. Biomdica, 34(4), 580-588. Microsoft. (2017). About Microsoft Australia. Viewed on 3rd August 2017. https://www.microsoft.com/australia/about/ Microsoft. (2017). Mission and culture. Viewed on 3rd August 2017. https://careers.microsoft.com/mission-culture Microsoft. (2017). What we Value. Viewed on 3rd August 2017. https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/about/values Rothaermel, F. T. (2015). Strategic management. McGraw-Hill Education. Sinek, S., (2010). Why Great Companies Fail. Viewed on 3rd August 2017. https://www.forbes.com/2010/02/10/microsoft-apple-google-facebook-why-companies-fail-cmo-network-simon-sinek.html Zaki, M. A., Hussien, H. S., Sanad, H. M., Sara, S. (2015). ANALYZING ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE FOR CONTRACTING FIRMS'OF CLASSIFICATION" A", EGYPT.